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- Стр. 1261/1273
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If
history
dealt
only
with
external
phenomena
,
the
establishment
of
this
simple
and
obvious
law
would
suffice
and
we
should
have
finished
our
argument
.
But
the
law
of
history
relates
to
man
.
A
particle
of
matter
can
not
tell
us
that
it
does
not
feel
the
law
of
attraction
or
repulsion
and
that
that
law
is
untrue
,
but
man
,
who
is
the
subject
of
history
,
says
plainly
:
I
am
free
and
am
therefore
not
subject
to
the
law
.
The
presence
of
the
problem
of
man
's
free
will
,
though
unexpressed
,
is
felt
at
every
step
of
history
.
All
seriously
thinking
historians
have
involuntarily
encountered
this
question
.
All
the
contradictions
and
obscurities
of
history
and
the
false
path
historical
science
has
followed
are
due
solely
to
the
lack
of
a
solution
of
that
question
.
If
the
will
of
every
man
were
free
,
that
is
,
if
each
man
could
act
as
he
pleased
,
all
history
would
be
a
series
of
disconnected
incidents
.
If
in
a
thousand
years
even
one
man
in
a
million
could
act
freely
,
that
is
,
as
he
chose
,
it
is
evident
that
one
single
free
act
of
that
man
's
in
violation
of
the
laws
governing
human
action
would
destroy
the
possibility
of
the
existence
of
any
laws
for
the
whole
of
humanity
.
If
there
be
a
single
law
governing
the
actions
of
men
,
free
will
can
not
exist
,
for
then
man
's
will
is
subject
to
that
law
.
In
this
contradiction
lies
the
problem
of
free
will
,
which
from
most
ancient
times
has
occupied
the
best
human
minds
and
from
most
ancient
times
has
been
presented
in
its
whole
tremendous
significance
.
The
problem
is
that
regarding
man
as
a
subject
of
observation
from
whatever
point
of
view
--
theological
,
historical
,
ethical
,
or
philosophic
--
we
find
a
general
law
of
necessity
to
which
he
(
like
all
that
exists
)
is
subject
.
But
regarding
him
from
within
ourselves
as
what
we
are
conscious
of
,
we
feel
ourselves
to
be
free
.
This
consciousness
is
a
source
of
self-cognition
quite
apart
from
and
independent
of
reason
.
Through
his
reason
man
observes
himself
,
but
only
through
consciousness
does
he
know
himself
.
Apart
from
consciousness
of
self
no
observation
or
application
of
reason
is
conceivable
.
