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- Стр. 1260/1273
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Examining
only
those
expressions
of
the
will
of
historical
persons
which
,
as
commands
,
were
related
to
events
,
historians
have
assumed
that
the
events
depended
on
those
commands
.
But
examining
the
events
themselves
and
the
connection
in
which
the
historical
persons
stood
to
the
people
,
we
have
found
that
they
and
their
orders
were
dependent
on
events
.
The
incontestable
proof
of
this
deduction
is
that
,
however
many
commands
were
issued
,
the
event
does
not
take
place
unless
there
are
other
causes
for
it
,
but
as
soon
as
an
event
occurs
--
be
it
what
it
may
--
then
out
of
all
the
continually
expressed
wishes
of
different
people
some
will
always
be
found
which
by
their
meaning
and
their
time
of
utterance
are
related
as
commands
to
the
events
.
Arriving
at
this
conclusion
we
can
reply
directly
and
positively
to
these
two
essential
questions
of
history
:
(
1
)
What
is
power
?
(
2
)
What
force
produces
the
movement
of
the
nations
?
(
1
)
Power
is
the
relation
of
a
given
person
to
other
individuals
,
in
which
the
more
this
person
expresses
opinions
,
predictions
,
and
justifications
of
the
collective
action
that
is
performed
,
the
less
is
his
participation
in
that
action
(
2
)
The
movement
of
nations
is
caused
not
by
power
,
nor
by
intellectual
activity
,
nor
even
by
a
combination
of
the
two
as
historians
have
supposed
,
but
by
the
activity
of
all
the
people
who
participate
in
the
events
,
and
who
always
combine
in
such
a
way
that
those
taking
the
largest
direct
share
in
the
event
take
on
themselves
the
least
responsibility
and
vice
versa
.
Morally
the
wielder
of
power
appears
to
cause
the
event
;
physically
it
is
those
who
submit
to
the
power
.
But
as
the
moral
activity
is
inconceivable
without
the
physical
,
the
cause
of
the
event
is
neither
in
the
one
nor
in
the
other
but
in
the
union
of
the
two
.
Or
in
other
words
,
the
conception
of
a
cause
is
inapplicable
to
the
phenomena
we
are
examining
.
In
the
last
analysis
we
reach
the
circle
of
infinity
--
that
final
limit
to
which
in
every
domain
of
thought
man
's
reason
arrives
if
it
is
not
playing
with
the
subject
.
Electricity
produces
heat
,
heat
produces
electricity
.
Atoms
attract
each
other
and
atoms
repel
one
another
.
Speaking
of
the
interaction
of
heat
and
electricity
and
of
atoms
,
we
can
not
say
why
this
occurs
,
and
we
say
that
it
is
so
because
it
is
inconceivable
otherwise
,
because
it
must
be
so
and
that
it
is
a
law
.
The
same
applies
to
historical
events
.
Why
war
and
revolution
occur
we
do
not
know
.
We
only
know
that
to
produce
the
one
or
the
other
action
,
people
combine
in
a
certain
formation
in
which
they
all
take
part
,
and
we
say
that
this
is
so
because
it
is
unthinkable
otherwise
,
or
in
other
words
that
it
is
a
law
.
