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I
began
my
discourse
by
informing
his
majesty
,
that
our
dominions
consisted
of
two
islands
,
which
composed
three
mighty
kingdoms
,
under
one
sovereign
,
beside
our
plantations
in
America
.
I
dwelt
long
upon
the
fertility
of
our
soil
,
and
the
temperature
of
our
climate
.
I
then
spoke
at
large
upon
the
constitution
of
an
English
parliament
;
partly
made
up
of
an
illustrious
body
called
the
House
of
Peers
;
persons
of
the
noblest
blood
,
and
of
the
most
ancient
and
ample
patrimonies
.
I
described
that
extraordinary
care
always
taken
of
their
education
in
arts
and
arms
,
to
qualify
them
for
being
counsellors
both
to
the
king
and
kingdom
;
to
have
a
share
in
the
legislature
;
to
be
members
of
the
highest
court
of
judicature
,
whence
there
can
be
no
appeal
;
and
to
be
champions
always
ready
for
the
defence
of
their
prince
and
country
,
by
their
valour
,
conduct
,
and
fidelity
.
That
these
were
the
ornament
and
bulwark
of
the
kingdom
,
worthy
followers
of
their
most
renowned
ancestors
,
whose
honour
had
been
the
reward
of
their
virtue
,
from
which
their
posterity
were
never
once
known
to
degenerate
.
To
these
were
joined
several
holy
persons
,
as
part
of
that
assembly
,
under
the
title
of
bishops
,
whose
peculiar
business
is
to
take
care
of
religion
,
and
of
those
who
instruct
the
people
therein
.
These
were
searched
and
sought
out
through
the
whole
nation
,
by
the
prince
and
his
wisest
counsellors
,
among
such
of
the
priesthood
as
were
most
deservedly
distinguished
by
the
sanctity
of
their
lives
,
and
the
depth
of
their
erudition
;
who
were
indeed
the
spiritual
fathers
of
the
clergy
and
the
people
.
That
the
other
part
of
the
parliament
consisted
of
an
assembly
called
the
House
of
Commons
,
who
were
all
principal
gentlemen
,
freely
picked
and
culled
out
by
the
people
themselves
,
for
their
great
abilities
and
love
of
their
country
,
to
represent
the
wisdom
of
the
whole
nation
.
And
that
these
two
bodies
made
up
the
most
august
assembly
in
Europe
;
to
whom
,
in
conjunction
with
the
prince
,
the
whole
legislature
is
committed
.
I
then
descended
to
the
courts
of
justice
;
over
which
the
judges
,
those
venerable
sages
and
interpreters
of
the
law
,
presided
,
for
determining
the
disputed
rights
and
properties
of
men
,
as
well
as
for
the
punishment
of
vice
and
protection
of
innocence
.
I
mentioned
the
prudent
management
of
our
treasury
;
the
valour
and
achievements
of
our
forces
,
by
sea
and
land
.
I
computed
the
number
of
our
people
,
by
reckoning
how
many
millions
there
might
be
of
each
religious
sect
,
or
political
party
among
us
.
I
did
not
omit
even
our
sports
and
pastimes
,
or
any
other
particular
which
I
thought
might
redound
to
the
honour
of
my
country
.
And
I
finished
all
with
a
brief
historical
account
of
affairs
and
events
in
England
for
about
a
hundred
years
past
.
This
conversation
was
not
ended
under
five
audiences
,
each
of
several
hours
;
and
the
king
heard
the
whole
with
great
attention
,
frequently
taking
notes
of
what
I
spoke
,
as
well
as
memorandums
of
what
questions
he
intended
to
ask
me
.
When
I
had
put
an
end
to
these
long
discources
,
his
majesty
,
in
a
sixth
audience
,
consulting
his
notes
,
proposed
many
doubts
,
queries
,
and
objections
,
upon
every
article
.
He
asked
,
"
What
methods
were
used
to
cultivate
the
minds
and
bodies
of
our
young
nobility
,
and
in
what
kind
of
business
they
commonly
spent
the
first
and
teachable
parts
of
their
lives
?
What
course
was
taken
to
supply
that
assembly
,
when
any
noble
family
became
extinct
?
What
qualifications
were
necessary
in
those
who
are
to
be
created
new
lords
:
whether
the
humour
of
the
prince
,
a
sum
of
money
to
a
court
lady
,
or
a
design
of
strengthening
a
party
opposite
to
the
public
interest
,
ever
happened
to
be
the
motive
in
those
advancements
?
What
share
of
knowledge
these
lords
had
in
the
laws
of
their
country
,
and
how
they
came
by
it
,
so
as
to
enable
them
to
decide
the
properties
of
their
fellow-subjects
in
the
last
resort
?
Whether
they
were
always
so
free
from
avarice
,
partialities
,
or
want
,
that
a
bribe
,
or
some
other
sinister
view
,
could
have
no
place
among
them
?
Whether
those
holy
lords
I
spoke
of
were
always
promoted
to
that
rank
upon
account
of
their
knowledge
in
religious
matters
,
and
the
sanctity
of
their
lives
;
had
never
been
compliers
with
the
times
,
while
they
were
common
priests
;
or
slavish
prostitute
chaplains
to
some
nobleman
,
whose
opinions
they
continued
servilely
to
follow
,
after
they
were
admitted
into
that
assembly
?
"
He
then
desired
to
know
,
"
What
arts
were
practised
in
electing
those
whom
I
called
commoners
:
whether
a
stranger
,
with
a
strong
purse
,
might
not
influence
the
vulgar
voters
to
choose
him
before
their
own
landlord
,
or
the
most
considerable
gentleman
in
the
neighbourhood
?
How
it
came
to
pass
,
that
people
were
so
violently
bent
upon
getting
into
this
assembly
,
which
I
allowed
to
be
a
great
trouble
and
expense
,
often
to
the
ruin
of
their
families
,
without
any
salary
or
pension
?
because
this
appeared
such
an
exalted
strain
of
virtue
and
public
spirit
,
that
his
majesty
seemed
to
doubt
it
might
possibly
not
be
always
sincere
.
"
And
he
desired
to
know
,
"
Whether
such
zealous
gentlemen
could
have
any
views
of
refunding
themselves
for
the
charges
and
trouble
they
were
at
by
sacrificing
the
public
good
to
the
designs
of
a
weak
and
vicious
prince
,
in
conjunction
with
a
corrupted
ministry
?
"
He
multiplied
his
questions
,
and
sifted
me
thoroughly
upon
every
part
of
this
head
,
proposing
numberless
inquiries
and
objections
,
which
I
think
it
not
prudent
or
convenient
to
repeat
.
Upon
what
I
said
in
relation
to
our
courts
of
justice
,
his
majesty
desired
to
be
satisfied
in
several
points
:
and
this
I
was
the
better
able
to
do
,
having
been
formerly
almost
ruined
by
a
long
suit
in
chancery
,
which
was
decreed
for
me
with
costs
.
He
asked
,
"
What
time
was
usually
spent
in
determining
between
right
and
wrong
,
and
what
degree
of
expense
?
Whether
advocates
and
orators
had
liberty
to
plead
in
causes
manifestly
known
to
be
unjust
,
vexatious
,
or
oppressive
?
Whether
party
,
in
religion
or
politics
,
were
observed
to
be
of
any
weight
in
the
scale
of
justice
?
Whether
those
pleading
orators
were
persons
educated
in
the
general
knowledge
of
equity
,
or
only
in
provincial
,
national
,
and
other
local
customs
?
Whether
they
or
their
judges
had
any
part
in
penning
those
laws
,
which
they
assumed
the
liberty
of
interpreting
,
and
glossing
upon
at
their
pleasure
?
Whether
they
had
ever
,
at
different
times
,
pleaded
for
and
against
the
same
cause
,
and
cited
precedents
to
prove
contrary
opinions
?
Whether
they
were
a
rich
or
a
poor
corporation
?
Whether
they
received
any
pecuniary
reward
for
pleading
,
or
delivering
their
opinions
?
And
particularly
,
whether
they
were
ever
admitted
as
members
in
the
lower
senate
?
"
He
fell
next
upon
the
management
of
our
treasury
;
and
said
,
"
he
thought
my
memory
had
failed
me
,
because
I
computed
our
taxes
at
about
five
or
six
millions
a-year
,
and
when
I
came
to
mention
the
issues
,
he
found
they
sometimes
amounted
to
more
than
double
;
for
the
notes
he
had
taken
were
very
particular
in
this
point
,
because
he
hoped
,
as
he
told
me
,
that
the
knowledge
of
our
conduct
might
be
useful
to
him
,
and
he
could
not
be
deceived
in
his
calculations
.
But
,
if
what
I
told
him
were
true
,
he
was
still
at
a
loss
how
a
kingdom
could
run
out
of
its
estate
,
like
a
private
person
.
"
He
asked
me
,
"
who
were
our
creditors
;
and
where
we
found
money
to
pay
them
?
"
He
wondered
to
hear
me
talk
of
such
chargeable
and
expensive
wars
;
"
that
certainly
we
must
be
a
quarrelsome
people
,
or
live
among
very
bad
neighbours
,
and
that
our
generals
must
needs
be
richer
than
our
kings
.
"
He
asked
,
what
business
we
had
out
of
our
own
islands
,
unless
upon
the
score
of
trade
,
or
treaty
,
or
to
defend
the
coasts
with
our
fleet
?
"
Above
all
,
he
was
amazed
to
hear
me
talk
of
a
mercenary
standing
army
,
in
the
midst
of
peace
,
and
among
a
free
people
.
He
said
,
"
if
we
were
governed
by
our
own
consent
,
in
the
persons
of
our
representatives
,
he
could
not
imagine
of
whom
we
were
afraid
,
or
against
whom
we
were
to
fight
;
and
would
hear
my
opinion
,
whether
a
private
man
's
house
might
not
be
better
defended
by
himself
,
his
children
,
and
family
,
than
by
half-a-dozen
rascals
,
picked
up
at
a
venture
in
the
streets
for
small
wages
,
who
might
get
a
hundred
times
more
by
cutting
their
throats
?
"
