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It
was
clear
and
frosty
.
Above
the
dirty
,
ill-lit
streets
,
above
the
black
roofs
,
stretched
the
dark
starry
sky
.
Only
looking
up
at
the
sky
did
Pierre
cease
to
feel
how
sordid
and
humiliating
were
all
mundane
things
compared
with
the
heights
to
which
his
soul
had
just
been
raised
.
At
the
entrance
to
the
Arbát
Square
an
immense
expanse
of
dark
starry
sky
presented
itself
to
his
eyes
.
Almost
in
the
center
of
it
,
above
the
Prechístenka
Boulevard
,
surrounded
and
sprinkled
on
all
sides
by
stars
but
distinguished
from
them
all
by
its
nearness
to
the
earth
,
its
white
light
,
and
its
long
uplifted
tail
,
shone
the
enormous
and
brilliant
comet
of
1812
--
the
comet
which
was
said
to
portend
all
kinds
of
woes
and
the
end
of
the
world
.
In
Pierre
,
however
,
that
comet
with
its
long
luminous
tail
aroused
no
feeling
of
fear
.
On
the
contrary
he
gazed
joyfully
,
his
eyes
moist
with
tears
,
at
this
bright
comet
which
,
having
traveled
in
its
orbit
with
inconceivable
velocity
through
immeasurable
space
,
seemed
suddenly
--
like
an
arrow
piercing
the
earth
--
to
remain
fixed
in
a
chosen
spot
,
vigorously
holding
its
tail
erect
,
shining
and
displaying
its
white
light
amid
countless
other
scintillating
stars
.
It
seemed
to
Pierre
that
this
comet
fully
responded
to
what
was
passing
in
his
own
softened
and
uplifted
soul
,
now
blossoming
into
a
new
life
.
From
the
close
of
the
year
1811
an
intensified
arming
and
concentrating
of
the
forces
of
Western
Europe
began
,
and
in
1812
these
forces
--
millions
of
men
,
reckoning
those
transporting
and
feeding
the
army
--
moved
from
the
west
eastwards
to
the
Russian
frontier
,
toward
which
since
1811
Russian
forces
had
been
similarly
drawn
.
On
the
twelfth
of
June
,
1812
,
the
forces
of
Western
Europe
crossed
the
Russian
frontier
and
war
began
,
that
is
,
an
event
took
place
opposed
to
human
reason
and
to
human
nature
.
Millions
of
men
perpetrated
against
one
another
such
innumerable
crimes
,
frauds
,
treacheries
,
thefts
,
forgeries
,
issues
of
false
money
,
burglaries
,
incendiarisms
,
and
murders
as
in
whole
centuries
are
not
recorded
in
the
annals
of
all
the
law
courts
of
the
world
,
but
which
those
who
committed
them
did
not
at
the
time
regard
as
being
crimes
.
What
produced
this
extraordinary
occurrence
?
What
were
its
causes
?
The
historians
tell
us
with
naïve
assurance
that
its
causes
were
the
wrongs
inflicted
on
the
Duke
of
Oldenburg
,
the
nonobservance
of
the
Continental
System
,
the
ambition
of
Napoleon
,
the
firmness
of
Alexander
,
the
mistakes
of
the
diplomatists
,
and
so
on
.
Consequently
,
it
would
only
have
been
necessary
for
Metternich
,
Rumyántsev
,
or
Talleyrand
,
between
a
levee
and
an
evening
party
,
to
have
taken
proper
pains
and
written
a
more
adroit
note
,
or
for
Napoleon
to
have
written
to
Alexander
:
"
My
respected
Brother
,
I
consent
to
restore
the
duchy
to
the
Duke
of
Oldenburg
"
--
and
there
would
have
been
no
war
.
We
can
understand
that
the
matter
seemed
like
that
to
contemporaries
.
It
naturally
seemed
to
Napoleon
that
the
war
was
caused
by
England
's
intrigues
(
as
in
fact
he
said
on
the
island
of
St.
Helena
)
.
It
naturally
seemed
to
members
of
the
English
Parliament
that
the
cause
of
the
war
was
Napoleon
's
ambition
;
to
the
Duke
of
Oldenburg
,
that
the
cause
of
the
war
was
the
violence
done
to
him
;
to
businessmen
that
the
cause
of
the
war
was
the
Continental
System
which
was
ruining
Europe
;
to
the
generals
and
old
soldiers
that
the
chief
reason
for
the
war
was
the
necessity
of
giving
them
employment
;
to
the
legitimists
of
that
day
that
it
was
the
need
of
re-establishing
les
bons
principes
,
and
to
the
diplomatists
of
that
time
that
it
all
resulted
from
the
fact
that
the
alliance
between
Russia
and
Austria
in
1809
had
not
been
sufficiently
well
concealed
from
Napoleon
,
and
from
the
awkward
wording
of
Memorandum
No.
178
.
It
is
natural
that
these
and
a
countless
and
infinite
quantity
of
other
reasons
,
the
number
depending
on
the
endless
diversity
of
points
of
view
,
presented
themselves
to
the
men
of
that
day
;
but
to
us
,
to
posterity
who
view
the
thing
that
happened
in
all
its
magnitude
and
perceive
its
plain
and
terrible
meaning
,
these
causes
seem
insufficient
.
To
us
it
is
incomprehensible
that
millions
of
Christian
men
killed
and
tortured
each
other
either
because
Napoleon
was
ambitious
or
Alexander
was
firm
,
or
because
England
's
policy
was
astute
or
the
Duke
of
Oldenburg
wronged
.
We
can
not
grasp
what
connection
such
circumstances
have
with
the
actual
fact
of
slaughter
and
violence
:
why
because
the
Duke
was
wronged
,
thousands
of
men
from
the
other
side
of
Europe
killed
and
ruined
the
people
of
Smolénsk
and
Moscow
and
were
killed
by
them
.
To
us
,
their
descendants
,
who
are
not
historians
and
are
not
carried
away
by
the
process
of
research
and
can
therefore
regard
the
event
with
unclouded
common
sense
,
an
incalculable
number
of
causes
present
themselves
.
The
deeper
we
delve
in
search
of
these
causes
the
more
of
them
we
find
;
and
each
separate
cause
or
whole
series
of
causes
appears
to
us
equally
valid
in
itself
and
equally
false
by
its
insignificance
compared
to
the
magnitude
of
the
events
,
and
by
its
impotence
--
apart
from
the
cooperation
of
all
the
other
coincident
causes
--
to
occasion
the
event
.
To
us
,
the
wish
or
objection
of
this
or
that
French
corporal
to
serve
a
second
term
appears
as
much
a
cause
as
Napoleon
's
refusal
to
withdraw
his
troops
beyond
the
Vistula
and
to
restore
the
duchy
of
Oldenburg
;
for
had
he
not
wished
to
serve
,
and
had
a
second
,
a
third
,
and
a
thousandth
corporal
and
private
also
refused
,
there
would
have
been
so
many
less
men
in
Napoleon
's
army
and
the
war
could
not
have
occurred
.
Had
Napoleon
not
taken
offense
at
the
demand
that
he
should
withdraw
beyond
the
Vistula
,
and
not
ordered
his
troops
to
advance
,
there
would
have
been
no
war
;
but
had
all
his
sergeants
objected
to
serving
a
second
term
then
also
there
could
have
been
no
war
.
Nor
could
there
have
been
a
war
had
there
been
no
English
intrigues
and
no
Duke
of
Oldenburg
,
and
had
Alexander
not
felt
insulted
,
and
had
there
not
been
an
autocratic
government
in
Russia
,
or
a
Revolution
in
France
and
a
subsequent
dictatorship
and
Empire
,
or
all
the
things
that
produced
the
French
Revolution
,
and
so
on
.
Without
each
of
these
causes
nothing
could
have
happened
.
So
all
these
causes
--
myriads
of
causes
--
coincided
to
bring
it
about
.
And
so
there
was
no
one
cause
for
that
occurrence
,
but
it
had
to
occur
because
it
had
to
.
Millions
of
men
,
renouncing
their
human
feelings
and
reason
,
had
to
go
from
west
to
east
to
slay
their
fellows
,
just
as
some
centuries
previously
hordes
of
men
had
come
from
the
east
to
the
west
,
slaying
their
fellows
.
