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From
the
time
of
Thales
of
Miletus
,
in
the
fifth
century
B.
C.
,
down
to
that
of
Copernicus
in
the
fifteenth
and
Tycho
Brahe
in
the
sixteenth
century
A.
D.
,
observations
have
been
from
time
to
time
carried
on
with
more
or
less
correctness
,
until
in
the
present
day
the
altitudes
of
the
lunar
mountains
have
been
determined
with
exactitude
.
Galileo
explained
the
phenomena
of
the
lunar
light
produced
during
certain
of
her
phases
by
the
existence
of
mountains
,
to
which
he
assigned
a
mean
altitude
of
27,000
feet
.
After
him
Hevelius
,
an
astronomer
of
Dantzic
,
reduced
the
highest
elevations
to
15,000
feet
;
but
the
calculations
of
Riccioli
brought
them
up
again
to
21,000
feet
.
At
the
close
of
the
eighteenth
century
Herschel
,
armed
with
a
powerful
telescope
,
considerably
reduced
the
preceding
measurements
.
He
assigned
a
height
of
11,400
feet
to
the
maximum
elevations
,
and
reduced
the
mean
of
the
different
altitudes
to
little
more
than
2,400
feet
.
But
Herschel
's
calculations
were
in
their
turn
corrected
by
the
observations
of
Halley
,
Nasmyth
,
Bianchini
,
Gruithuysen
,
and
others
;
but
it
was
reserved
for
the
labors
of
Boeer
and
Maedler
finally
to
solve
the
question
.
They
succeeded
in
measuring
1,905
different
elevations
,
of
which
six
exceed
15,000
feet
,
and
twenty-two
exceed
14,400
feet
.
The
highest
summit
of
all
towers
to
a
height
of
22,606
feet
above
the
surface
of
the
lunar
disc
.
At
the
same
period
the
examination
of
the
moon
was
completed
.
She
appeared
completely
riddled
with
craters
,
and
her
essentially
volcanic
character
was
apparent
at
each
observation
.
By
the
absence
of
refraction
in
the
rays
of
the
planets
occulted
by
her
we
conclude
that
she
is
absolutely
devoid
of
an
atmosphere
.
The
absence
of
air
entails
the
absence
of
water
.
It
became
,
therefore
,
manifest
that
the
Selenites
,
to
support
life
under
such
conditions
,
must
possess
a
special
organization
of
their
own
,
must
differ
remarkably
from
the
inhabitants
of
the
earth
.
At
length
,
thanks
to
modern
art
,
instruments
of
still
higher
perfection
searched
the
moon
without
intermission
,
not
leaving
a
single
point
of
her
surface
unexplored
;
and
notwithstanding
that
her
diameter
measures
2,150
miles
,
her
surface
equals
the
one-fifteenth
part
of
that
of
our
globe
,
and
her
bulk
the
one-forty-ninth
part
of
that
of
the
terrestrial
spheroid
--
not
one
of
her
secrets
was
able
to
escape
the
eyes
of
the
astronomers
;
and
these
skillful
men
of
science
carried
to
an
even
greater
degree
their
prodigious
observations
.
Thus
they
remarked
that
,
during
full
moon
,
the
disc
appeared
scored
in
certain
parts
with
white
lines
;
and
,
during
the
phases
,
with
black
.
On
prosecuting
the
study
of
these
with
still
greater
precision
,
they
succeeded
in
obtaining
an
exact
account
of
the
nature
of
these
lines
.
They
were
long
and
narrow
furrows
sunk
between
parallel
ridges
,
bordering
generally
upon
the
edges
of
the
craters
.
Their
length
varied
between
ten
and
100
miles
,
and
their
width
was
about
1,600
yards
.
Astronomers
called
them
chasms
,
but
they
could
not
get
any
further
.
Whether
these
chasms
were
the
dried-up
beds
of
ancient
rivers
or
not
they
were
unable
thoroughly
to
ascertain
.
The
Americans
,
among
others
,
hoped
one
day
or
other
to
determine
this
geological
question
.
They
also
undertook
to
examine
the
true
nature
of
that
system
of
parallel
ramparts
discovered
on
the
moon
's
surface
by
Gruithuysen
,
a
learned
professor
of
Munich
,
who
considered
them
to
be
"
a
system
of
fortifications
thrown
up
by
the
Selenitic
engineers
.
"
These
two
points
,
yet
obscure
,
as
well
as
others
,
no
doubt
,
could
not
be
definitely
settled
except
by
direct
communication
with
the
moon
.
Regarding
the
degree
of
intensity
of
its
light
,
there
was
nothing
more
to
learn
on
this
point
.
It
was
known
that
it
is
300,000
times
weaker
than
that
of
the
sun
,
and
that
its
heat
has
no
appreciable
effect
upon
the
thermometer
.
As
to
the
phenomenon
known
as
the
"
ashy
light
,
"
it
is
explained
naturally
by
the
effect
of
the
transmission
of
the
solar
rays
from
the
earth
to
the
moon
,
which
give
the
appearance
of
completeness
to
the
lunar
disc
,
while
it
presents
itself
under
the
crescent
form
during
its
first
and
last
phases
.
Such
was
the
state
of
knowledge
acquired
regarding
the
earth
's
satellite
,
which
the
Gun
Club
undertook
to
perfect
in
all
its
aspects
,
cosmographic
,
geological
,
political
,
and
moral
.
The
immediate
result
of
Barbicane
's
proposition
was
to
place
upon
the
orders
of
the
day
all
the
astronomical
facts
relative
to
the
Queen
of
the
Night
.
Everybody
set
to
work
to
study
assiduously
.
One
would
have
thought
that
the
moon
had
just
appeared
for
the
first
time
,
and
that
no
one
had
ever
before
caught
a
glimpse
of
her
in
the
heavens
.
The
papers
revived
all
the
old
anecdotes
in
which
the
"
sun
of
the
wolves
"
played
a
part
;
they
recalled
the
influences
which
the
ignorance
of
past
ages
ascribed
to
her
;
in
short
,
all
America
was
seized
with
selenomania
,
or
had
become
moon-mad
.
The
scientific
journals
,
for
their
part
,
dealt
more
especially
with
the
questions
which
touched
upon
the
enterprise
of
the
Gun
Club
.
The
letter
of
the
Observatory
of
Cambridge
was
published
by
them
,
and
commented
upon
with
unreserved
approval
.
