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It
is
in
the
fifteenth
century
only
that
we
see
the
trade
in
blacks
carried
on
for
the
first
time
.
Behold
under
what
circumstances
it
was
established
:
The
Mussulmans
,
after
being
expelled
from
Spain
,
took
refuge
beyond
the
Strait
on
the
coast
of
Africa
.
The
Portuguese
,
who
then
occupied
that
part
of
the
coast
,
pursued
them
with
fury
.
A
certain
number
of
those
fugitives
were
made
prisoners
and
brought
back
to
Portugal
.
Reduced
to
slavery
,
they
constituted
the
first
nucleus
of
African
slaves
which
has
been
formed
in
Western
Europe
since
the
Christian
Era
.
But
those
Mussulmans
belonged
,
for
the
most
part
,
to
rich
families
,
who
wished
to
buy
them
back
for
gold
.
The
Portuguese
refused
to
accept
a
ransom
,
however
large
it
might
be
.
They
had
only
to
make
foreign
gold
.
What
they
lacked
were
the
arms
so
indispensable
then
for
the
work
of
the
growing
colonies
,
and
,
to
say
it
all
,
the
arms
of
the
slave
.
The
Mussulman
families
,
being
unable
to
buy
back
their
captive
relatives
,
then
offered
to
exchange
them
for
a
much
larger
number
of
black
Africans
,
whom
it
was
only
too
easy
to
carry
off
.
The
offer
was
accepted
by
the
Portuguese
,
who
found
that
exchange
to
their
advantage
,
and
thus
the
slave
trade
was
founded
in
Europe
.
Toward
the
end
of
the
sixteenth
century
this
odious
traffic
was
generally
admitted
,
and
it
was
not
repugnant
to
the
still
barbarous
manners
.
All
the
States
protected
it
so
as
to
colonize
more
rapidly
and
more
surely
the
isles
of
the
New
World
.
In
fact
,
the
slaves
of
black
origin
could
resist
the
climate
,
where
the
badly
acclimated
whites
,
still
unfit
to
support
the
heat
of
intertropical
climates
,
would
have
perished
by
thousands
.
The
transport
of
negroes
to
the
American
colonies
was
then
carried
on
regularly
by
special
vessels
,
and
this
branch
of
transatlantic
commerce
led
to
the
creation
of
important
stations
on
different
points
of
the
African
coast
.
The
"
merchandise
"
cost
little
in
the
country
of
production
,
and
the
returns
were
considerable
.
But
,
necessary
as
was
the
foundation
of
the
colonies
beyond
the
sea
from
all
points
of
view
,
it
could
not
justify
those
markets
for
human
flesh
.
Generous
voices
soon
made
themselves
heard
,
which
protested
against
the
trade
in
blacks
,
and
demanded
from
the
European
governments
a
decree
of
abolition
in
the
name
of
the
principles
of
humanity
.
In
1751
,
the
Quakers
put
themselves
at
the
head
of
the
abolition
movement
,
even
in
the
heart
of
that
North
America
where
,
a
hundred
years
later
,
the
War
of
Secession
was
to
burst
forth
,
to
which
this
question
of
slavery
was
not
a
foreign
one
.
Different
States
in
the
North
--
Virginia
,
Connecticut
,
Massachusetts
,
Pennsylvania
--
decreed
the
abolition
of
the
slave
trade
,
and
freed
the
slaves
brought
to
their
territories
at
great
expense
.
But
the
campaign
commenced
by
the
Quakers
did
not
limit
itself
to
the
northern
provinces
of
the
New
World
.
Slaveholders
were
warmly
attacked
beyond
the
Atlantic
.
France
and
England
,
more
particularly
,
recruited
partisans
for
this
just
cause
.
"
Let
the
colonies
perish
rather
than
a
principle
!
"
Such
was
the
generous
command
which
resounded
through
all
the
Old
World
,
and
,
in
spite
of
the
great
political
and
commercial
interests
engaged
in
the
question
,
it
was
effectively
transmitted
through
Europe
.
The
impetus
was
given
.
In
1807
,
England
abolished
the
slave-trade
in
her
colonies
,
and
France
followed
her
example
in
1814
.
The
two
powerful
nations
exchanged
a
treaty
on
this
subject
--
a
treaty
confirmed
by
Napoleon
during
the
Hundred
Days
.
