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These
annual
migrations
from
farm
to
farm
were
on
the
increase
here
.
When
Tess
’
s
mother
was
a
child
the
majority
of
the
field
-
folk
about
Marlott
had
remained
all
their
lives
on
one
farm
,
which
had
been
the
home
also
of
their
fathers
and
grandfathers
;
but
latterly
the
desire
for
yearly
removal
had
risen
to
a
high
pitch
.
With
the
younger
families
it
was
a
pleasant
excitement
which
might
possibly
be
an
advantage
.
The
Egypt
of
one
family
was
the
Land
of
Promise
to
the
family
who
saw
it
from
a
distance
,
till
by
residence
there
it
became
it
turn
their
Egypt
also
;
and
so
they
changed
and
changed
.
However
,
all
the
mutations
so
increasingly
discernible
in
village
life
did
not
originate
entirely
in
the
agricultural
unrest
.
A
depopulation
was
also
going
on
.
The
village
had
formerly
contained
,
side
by
side
with
the
argicultural
labourers
,
an
interesting
and
better
-
informed
class
,
ranking
distinctly
above
the
former
—
the
class
to
which
Tess
’
s
father
and
mother
had
belonged
—
and
including
the
carpenter
,
the
smith
,
the
shoemaker
,
the
huckster
,
together
with
nondescript
workers
other
than
farm
-
labourers
;
a
set
of
people
who
owed
a
certain
stability
of
aim
and
conduct
to
the
fact
of
their
being
lifeholders
like
Tess
’
s
father
,
or
copyholders
,
or
occasionally
,
small
freeholders
.
But
as
the
long
holdings
fell
in
they
were
seldom
again
let
to
similar
tenants
,
and
were
mostly
pulled
down
,
if
not
absolutely
required
by
the
farmer
for
his
hands
.
Cottagers
who
were
not
directly
employed
on
the
land
were
looked
upon
with
disfavour
,
and
the
banishment
of
some
starved
the
trade
of
others
,
who
were
thus
obliged
to
follow
.
These
families
,
who
had
formed
the
backbone
of
the
village
life
in
the
past
who
were
the
depositaries
of
the
village
traditions
,
had
to
seek
refuge
in
the
large
centres
;
the
process
,
humorously
designated
by
statisticians
as
“
the
tendency
of
the
rural
population
towards
the
large
towns
”
,
being
really
the
tendency
of
water
to
flow
uphill
when
forced
by
machinery
.
The
cottage
accommodation
at
Marlott
having
been
in
this
manner
considerably
curtailed
by
demolitions
,
every
house
which
remained
standing
was
required
by
the
agriculturist
for
his
work
-
people
.
Ever
since
the
occurrence
of
the
event
which
had
cast
such
a
shadow
over
Tess
’
s
life
,
the
Durbeyfield
family
(
whose
descent
was
not
credited
)
had
been
tacitly
looked
on
as
one
which
would
have
to
go
when
their
lease
ended
,
if
only
in
the
interests
of
morality
.
It
was
,
indeed
,
quite
true
that
the
household
had
not
been
shining
examples
either
of
temperance
,
soberness
,
or
chastity
.
The
father
,
and
even
the
mother
,
had
got
drunk
at
times
,
the
younger
children
seldom
had
gone
to
church
,
and
the
eldest
daughter
had
made
queer
unions
.
By
some
means
the
village
had
to
be
kept
pure
.
So
on
this
,
the
first
Lady
-
Day
on
which
the
Durbeyfields
were
expellable
,
the
house
,
being
roomy
,
was
required
for
a
carter
with
a
large
family
;
and
Widow
Joan
,
her
daughters
Tess
and
‘
Liza
-
Lu
,
the
boy
Abraham
and
the
younger
children
,
had
to
go
elsewhere
.
On
the
evening
preceding
their
removal
it
was
getting
dark
betimes
by
reason
of
a
drizzling
rain
which
blurred
the
sky
.
As
it
was
the
last
night
they
would
spend
in
the
village
which
had
been
their
home
and
birthplace
,
Mrs
Durbeyfield
,
‘
Liza
-
Lu
,
and
Abraham
had
gone
out
to
bid
some
friends
goodbye
,
and
Tess
was
keeping
house
till
they
should
return
.
She
was
kneeling
in
the
window
-
bench
,
her
face
close
to
the
casement
,
where
an
outer
pane
of
rain
-
water
was
sliding
down
the
inner
pane
of
glass
.
Her
eyes
rested
on
the
web
of
a
spider
,
probably
starved
long
ago
,
which
had
been
mistakenly
placed
in
a
corner
where
no
flies
ever
came
,
and
shivered
in
the
slight
draught
through
the
casement
.
Tess
was
reflecting
on
the
position
of
the
household
,
in
which
she
perceived
her
own
evil
influence
.
Had
she
not
come
home
her
mother
and
the
children
might
probably
have
been
allowed
to
stay
on
as
weekly
tenants
.
But
she
had
been
observed
almost
immediately
on
her
return
by
some
people
of
scrupulous
character
and
great
influence
:
they
had
seen
her
idling
in
the
churchyard
,
restoring
as
well
as
she
could
with
a
little
trowel
a
baby
’
s
obliterated
grave
.
By
this
means
they
had
found
that
she
was
living
here
again
;
her
mother
was
scolded
for
“
harbouring
”
her
;
sharp
retorts
had
ensued
from
Joan
,
who
had
independently
offered
to
leave
at
once
;
she
had
been
taken
at
her
word
;
and
here
was
the
result
.
“
I
ought
never
to
have
come
home
,
”
said
Tess
to
herself
,
bitterly
.
She
was
so
intent
upon
these
thoughts
that
she
hardly
at
first
took
note
of
a
man
in
a
white
mackintosh
whom
she
saw
riding
down
the
street
.
Possibly
it
was
owing
to
her
face
being
near
to
the
pane
that
he
saw
her
so
quickly
,
and
directed
his
horse
so
close
to
the
cottage
-
front
that
his
hoofs
were
almost
upon
the
narrow
border
for
plants
growing
under
the
wall
.
It
was
not
till
he
touched
the
window
with
his
riding
-
crop
that
she
observed
him
.
The
rain
had
nearly
ceased
,
and
she
opened
the
casement
in
obedience
to
his
gesture
.
