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Georgia
was
heavily
garrisoned
with
troops
and
Atlanta
had
more
than
its
share
.
The
commandants
of
the
Yankee
troops
in
the
various
cities
had
complete
power
,
even
the
power
of
life
and
death
,
over
the
civilian
population
,
and
they
used
that
power
.
They
could
and
did
imprison
citizens
for
any
cause
,
or
no
cause
,
seize
their
property
,
hang
them
.
They
could
and
did
harass
and
hamstring
them
with
conflicting
regulations
about
the
operation
of
their
business
,
the
wages
they
must
pay
their
servants
,
what
they
should
say
in
public
and
private
utterances
and
what
they
should
write
in
newspapers
.
They
regulated
how
,
when
and
where
they
must
dump
their
garbage
and
they
decided
what
songs
the
daughters
and
wives
of
ex-Confederates
could
sing
,
so
that
the
singing
of
"
Dixie
"
or
"
Bonnie
Blue
Flag
"
became
an
offense
only
a
little
less
serious
than
treason
.
They
ruled
that
no
one
could
get
a
letter
our
of
the
post
office
without
taking
the
Iron
Clad
oath
and
,
in
some
instances
,
they
even
prohibited
the
issuance
of
marriage
licenses
unless
the
couples
had
taken
the
hated
oath
.
The
newspapers
were
so
muzzled
that
no
public
protest
could
be
raised
against
the
injustices
or
depredations
of
the
military
,
and
individual
protests
were
silenced
with
jail
sentences
.
The
jails
were
full
of
prominent
citizens
and
there
they
stayed
without
hope
of
early
trial
.
Trial
by
jury
and
the
law
of
habeas
corpus
were
practically
suspended
.
The
civil
courts
still
functioned
after
a
fashion
but
they
functioned
at
the
pleasure
of
the
military
,
who
could
and
did
interfere
with
their
verdicts
,
so
that
citizens
so
unfortunate
as
to
get
arrested
were
virtually
at
the
mercy
of
the
military
authorities
.
And
so
many
did
get
arrested
.
The
very
suspicion
of
seditious
utterances
against
the
government
,
suspected
complicity
in
the
Ku
Klux
Klan
,
or
complaint
by
a
negro
that
a
white
man
had
been
uppity
to
him
were
enough
to
land
a
citizen
in
jail
.
Proof
and
evidence
were
not
needed
.
The
accusation
was
sufficient
.
And
thanks
to
the
incitement
of
the
Freedmen
's
Bureau
,
negroes
could
always
be
found
who
were
willing
to
bring
accusations
.
The
negroes
had
not
yet
been
given
the
right
to
vote
but
the
North
was
determined
that
they
should
vote
and
equally
determined
that
their
vote
should
be
friendly
to
the
North
.
With
this
in
mind
,
nothing
was
too
good
for
the
negroes
.
The
Yankee
soldiers
backed
them
up
in
anything
they
chose
to
do
,
and
the
surest
way
for
a
white
person
to
get
himself
into
trouble
was
to
bring
a
complaint
of
any
kind
against
a
negro
.
The
former
slaves
were
now
the
lords
of
creation
and
,
with
the
aid
of
the
Yankees
,
the
lowest
and
most
ignorant
ones
were
on
top
.
The
better
class
of
them
,
scorning
freedom
,
were
suffering
as
severely
as
their
white
masters
.
Thousands
of
house
servants
,
the
highest
caste
in
the
slave
population
,
remained
with
their
white
folks
,
doing
manual
labor
which
had
been
beneath
them
in
the
old
days
.
Many
loyal
field
hands
also
refused
to
avail
themselves
of
the
new
freedom
,
but
the
hordes
of
"
trashy
free
issue
niggers
,
"
who
were
causing
most
of
the
trouble
,
were
drawn
largely
from
the
field-hand
class
.
In
slave
days
,
these
lowly
blacks
had
been
despised
by
the
house
negroes
and
yard
negroes
as
creatures
of
small
worth
.
Just
as
Ellen
had
done
,
other
plantation
mistresses
throughout
the
South
had
put
the
pickaninnies
through
courses
of
training
and
elimination
to
select
the
best
of
them
for
the
positions
of
greater
responsibility
.
Those
consigned
to
the
fields
were
the
ones
least
willing
or
able
to
learn
,
the
least
energetic
,
the
least
honest
and
trustworthy
,
the
most
vicious
and
brutish
.
And
now
this
class
,
the
lowest
in
the
black
social
order
,
was
making
life
a
misery
for
the
South
.
Aided
by
the
unscrupulous
adventurers
who
operated
the
Freedmen
's
Bureau
and
urged
on
by
a
fervor
of
Northern
hatred
almost
religious
in
its
fanaticism
,
the
former
field
hands
found
themselves
suddenly
elevated
to
the
seats
of
the
mighty
.
There
they
conducted
themselves
as
creatures
of
small
intelligence
might
naturally
be
expected
to
do
.
Like
monkeys
or
small
children
turned
loose
among
treasured
objects
whose
value
is
beyond
their
comprehension
,
they
ran
wild
--
either
from
perverse
pleasure
in
destruction
or
simply
because
of
their
ignorance
.
To
the
credit
of
the
negroes
,
including
the
least
intelligent
of
them
,
few
were
actuated
by
malice
and
those
few
had
usually
been
"
mean
niggers
"
even
in
slave
days
.
