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Within
four
years
he
had
paid
off
all
his
remaining
debts
without
selling
any
of
his
wife
's
property
,
and
having
received
a
small
inheritance
on
the
death
of
a
cousin
he
paid
his
debt
to
Pierre
as
well
.
In
another
three
years
,
by
1820
,
he
had
so
managed
his
affairs
that
he
was
able
to
buy
a
small
estate
adjoining
Bald
Hills
and
was
negotiating
to
buy
back
Otrádnoe
--
that
being
his
pet
dream
.
Having
started
farming
from
necessity
,
he
soon
grew
so
devoted
to
it
that
it
became
his
favorite
and
almost
his
sole
occupation
.
Nicholas
was
a
plain
farmer
:
he
did
not
like
innovations
,
especially
the
English
ones
then
coming
into
vogue
.
He
laughed
at
theoretical
treatises
on
estate
management
,
disliked
factories
,
the
raising
of
expensive
products
,
and
the
buying
of
expensive
seed
corn
,
and
did
not
make
a
hobby
of
any
particular
part
of
the
work
on
his
estate
.
He
always
had
before
his
mind
's
eye
the
estate
as
a
whole
and
not
any
particular
part
of
it
.
The
chief
thing
in
his
eyes
was
not
the
nitrogen
in
the
soil
,
nor
the
oxygen
in
the
air
,
nor
manures
,
nor
special
plows
,
but
that
most
important
agent
by
which
nitrogen
,
oxygen
,
manure
,
and
plow
were
made
effective
--
the
peasant
laborer
.
When
Nicholas
first
began
farming
and
began
to
understand
its
different
branches
,
it
was
the
serf
who
especially
attracted
his
attention
.
The
peasant
seemed
to
him
not
merely
a
tool
,
but
also
a
judge
of
farming
and
an
end
in
himself
.
At
first
he
watched
the
serfs
,
trying
to
understand
their
aims
and
what
they
considered
good
and
bad
,
and
only
pretended
to
direct
them
and
give
orders
while
in
reality
learning
from
them
their
methods
,
their
manner
of
speech
,
and
their
judgment
of
what
was
good
and
bad
.
Only
when
he
had
understood
the
peasants
'
tastes
and
aspirations
,
had
learned
to
talk
their
language
,
to
grasp
the
hidden
meaning
of
their
words
,
and
felt
akin
to
them
did
he
begin
boldly
to
manage
his
serfs
,
that
is
,
to
perform
toward
them
the
duties
demanded
of
him
.
And
Nicholas
'
management
produced
very
brilliant
results
.
Guided
by
some
gift
of
insight
,
on
taking
up
the
management
of
the
estates
he
at
once
unerringly
appointed
as
bailiff
,
village
elder
,
and
delegate
,
the
very
men
the
serfs
would
themselves
have
chosen
had
they
had
the
right
to
choose
,
and
these
posts
never
changed
hands
.
Before
analyzing
the
properties
of
manure
,
before
entering
into
the
debit
and
credit
(
as
he
ironically
called
it
)
,
he
found
out
how
many
cattle
the
peasants
had
and
increased
the
number
by
all
possible
means
.
He
kept
the
peasant
families
together
in
the
largest
groups
possible
,
not
allowing
the
family
groups
to
divide
into
separate
households
.
He
was
hard
alike
on
the
lazy
,
the
depraved
,
and
the
weak
,
and
tried
to
get
them
expelled
from
the
commune
.
He
was
as
careful
of
the
sowing
and
reaping
of
the
peasants
'
hay
and
corn
as
of
his
own
,
and
few
landowners
had
their
crops
sown
and
harvested
so
early
and
so
well
,
or
got
so
good
a
return
,
as
did
Nicholas
.
He
disliked
having
anything
to
do
with
the
domestic
serfs
--
the
"
drones
"
as
he
called
them
--
and
everyone
said
he
spoiled
them
by
his
laxity
.
When
a
decision
had
to
be
taken
regarding
a
domestic
serf
,
especially
if
one
had
to
be
punished
,
he
always
felt
undecided
and
consulted
everybody
in
the
house
;
but
when
it
was
possible
to
have
a
domestic
serf
conscripted
instead
of
a
land
worker
he
did
so
without
the
least
hesitation
.
He
never
felt
any
hesitation
in
dealing
with
the
peasants
.
He
knew
that
his
every
decision
would
be
approved
by
them
all
with
very
few
exceptions
.
He
did
not
allow
himself
either
to
be
hard
on
or
punish
a
man
,
or
to
make
things
easy
for
or
reward
anyone
,
merely
because
he
felt
inclined
to
do
so
.
He
could
not
have
said
by
what
standard
he
judged
what
he
should
or
should
not
do
,
but
the
standard
was
quite
firm
and
definite
in
his
own
mind
.
Often
,
speaking
with
vexation
of
some
failure
or
irregularity
,
he
would
say
:
"
What
can
one
do
with
our
Russian
peasants
?
"
and
imagined
that
he
could
not
bear
them
.
Yet
he
loved
"
our
Russian
peasants
"
and
their
way
of
life
with
his
whole
soul
,
and
for
that
very
reason
had
understood
and
assimilated
the
one
way
and
manner
of
farming
which
produced
good
results
.
