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The
promised
land
for
the
French
during
their
advance
had
been
Moscow
,
during
their
retreat
it
was
their
native
land
.
But
that
native
land
was
too
far
off
,
and
for
a
man
going
a
thousand
miles
it
is
absolutely
necessary
to
set
aside
his
final
goal
and
to
say
to
himself
:
"
Today
I
shall
get
to
a
place
twenty-five
miles
off
where
I
shall
rest
and
spend
the
night
,
"
and
during
the
first
day
's
journey
that
resting
place
eclipses
his
ultimate
goal
and
attracts
all
his
hopes
and
desires
.
And
the
impulses
felt
by
a
single
person
are
always
magnified
in
a
crowd
.
For
the
French
retreating
along
the
old
Smolénsk
road
,
the
final
goal
--
their
native
land
--
was
too
remote
,
and
their
immediate
goal
was
Smolénsk
,
toward
which
all
their
desires
and
hopes
,
enormously
intensified
in
the
mass
,
urged
them
on
.
It
was
not
that
they
knew
that
much
food
and
fresh
troops
awaited
them
in
Smolénsk
,
nor
that
they
were
told
so
(
on
the
contrary
their
superior
officers
,
and
Napoleon
himself
,
knew
that
provisions
were
scarce
there
)
,
but
because
this
alone
could
give
them
strength
to
move
on
and
endure
their
present
privations
.
So
both
those
who
knew
and
those
who
did
not
know
deceived
themselves
,
and
pushed
on
to
Smolénsk
as
to
a
promised
land
.
Coming
out
onto
the
highroad
the
French
fled
with
surprising
energy
and
unheard-of
rapidity
toward
the
goal
they
had
fixed
on
.
Besides
the
common
impulse
which
bound
the
whole
crowd
of
French
into
one
mass
and
supplied
them
with
a
certain
energy
,
there
was
another
cause
binding
them
together
--
their
great
numbers
.
As
with
the
physical
law
of
gravity
,
their
enormous
mass
drew
the
individual
human
atoms
to
itself
.
In
their
hundreds
of
thousands
they
moved
like
a
whole
nation
.
Each
of
them
desired
nothing
more
than
to
give
himself
up
as
a
prisoner
to
escape
from
all
this
horror
and
misery
;
but
on
the
one
hand
the
force
of
this
common
attraction
to
Smolénsk
,
their
goal
,
drew
each
of
them
in
the
same
direction
;
on
the
other
hand
an
army
corps
could
not
surrender
to
a
company
,
and
though
the
French
availed
themselves
of
every
convenient
opportunity
to
detach
themselves
and
to
surrender
on
the
slightest
decent
pretext
,
such
pretexts
did
not
always
occur
.
Their
very
numbers
and
their
crowded
and
swift
movement
deprived
them
of
that
possibility
and
rendered
it
not
only
difficult
but
impossible
for
the
Russians
to
stop
this
movement
,
to
which
the
French
were
directing
all
their
energies
.
Beyond
a
certain
limit
no
mechanical
disruption
of
the
body
could
hasten
the
process
of
decomposition
.
A
lump
of
snow
can
not
be
melted
instantaneously
.
There
is
a
certain
limit
of
time
in
less
than
which
no
amount
of
heat
can
melt
the
snow
.
On
the
contrary
the
greater
the
heat
the
more
solidified
the
remaining
snow
becomes
.
Of
the
Russian
commanders
Kutúzov
alone
understood
this
.
When
the
flight
of
the
French
army
along
the
Smolénsk
road
became
well
defined
,
what
Konovnítsyn
had
foreseen
on
the
night
of
the
eleventh
of
October
began
to
occur
The
superior
officers
all
wanted
to
distinguish
themselves
,
to
cut
off
,
to
seize
,
to
capture
,
and
to
overthrow
the
French
,
and
all
clamored
for
action
.
Kutúzov
alone
used
all
his
power
(
and
such
power
is
very
limited
in
the
case
of
any
commander
in
chief
)
to
prevent
an
attack
.
He
could
not
tell
them
what
we
say
now
:
"
Why
fight
,
why
block
the
road
,
losing
our
own
men
and
inhumanly
slaughtering
unfortunate
wretches
?
What
is
the
use
of
that
,
when
a
third
of
their
army
has
melted
away
on
the
road
from
Moscow
to
Vyázma
without
any
battle
?
"
But
drawing
from
his
aged
wisdom
what
they
could
understand
,
he
told
them
of
the
golden
bridge
,
and
they
laughed
at
and
slandered
him
,
flinging
themselves
on
,
rending
and
exulting
over
the
dying
beast
.
