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The
reader
may
please
to
observe
,
that
the
following
extract
of
many
conversations
I
had
with
my
master
,
contains
a
summary
of
the
most
material
points
which
were
discoursed
at
several
times
for
above
two
years
;
his
honour
often
desiring
fuller
satisfaction
,
as
I
farther
improved
in
the
Houyhnhnm
tongue
.
I
laid
before
him
,
as
well
as
I
could
,
the
whole
state
of
Europe
;
I
discoursed
of
trade
and
manufactures
,
of
arts
and
sciences
;
and
the
answers
I
gave
to
all
the
questions
he
made
,
as
they
arose
upon
several
subjects
,
were
a
fund
of
conversation
not
to
be
exhausted
.
But
I
shall
here
only
set
down
the
substance
of
what
passed
between
us
concerning
my
own
country
,
reducing
it
in
order
as
well
as
I
can
,
without
any
regard
to
time
or
other
circumstances
,
while
I
strictly
adhere
to
truth
.
My
only
concern
is
,
that
I
shall
hardly
be
able
to
do
justice
to
my
master
's
arguments
and
expressions
,
which
must
needs
suffer
by
my
want
of
capacity
,
as
well
as
by
a
translation
into
our
barbarous
English
.
In
obedience
,
therefore
,
to
his
honour
's
commands
,
I
related
to
him
the
Revolution
under
the
Prince
of
Orange
;
the
long
war
with
France
,
entered
into
by
the
said
prince
,
and
renewed
by
his
successor
,
the
present
queen
,
wherein
the
greatest
powers
of
Christendom
were
engaged
,
and
which
still
continued
:
I
computed
,
at
his
request
,
"
that
about
a
million
of
Yahoos
might
have
been
killed
in
the
whole
progress
of
it
;
and
perhaps
a
hundred
or
more
cities
taken
,
and
five
times
as
many
ships
burnt
or
sunk
.
"
He
asked
me
,
"
what
were
the
usual
causes
or
motives
that
made
one
country
go
to
war
with
another
?
"
I
answered
"
they
were
innumerable
;
but
I
should
only
mention
a
few
of
the
chief
.
Sometimes
the
ambition
of
princes
,
who
never
think
they
have
land
or
people
enough
to
govern
;
sometimes
the
corruption
of
ministers
,
who
engage
their
master
in
a
war
,
in
order
to
stifle
or
divert
the
clamour
of
the
subjects
against
their
evil
administration
.
Difference
in
opinions
has
cost
many
millions
of
lives
:
for
instance
,
whether
flesh
be
bread
,
or
bread
be
flesh
;
whether
the
juice
of
a
certain
berry
be
blood
or
wine
;
whether
whistling
be
a
vice
or
a
virtue
;
whether
it
be
better
to
kiss
a
post
,
or
throw
it
into
the
fire
;
what
is
the
best
colour
for
a
coat
,
whether
black
,
white
,
red
,
or
gray
;
and
whether
it
should
be
long
or
short
,
narrow
or
wide
,
dirty
or
clean
;
with
many
more
.
Neither
are
any
wars
so
furious
and
bloody
,
or
of
so
long
a
continuance
,
as
those
occasioned
by
difference
in
opinion
,
especially
if
it
be
in
things
indifferent
.
"
Sometimes
the
quarrel
between
two
princes
is
to
decide
which
of
them
shall
dispossess
a
third
of
his
dominions
,
where
neither
of
them
pretend
to
any
right
.
Sometimes
one
prince
quarrels
with
another
for
fear
the
other
should
quarrel
with
him
.
Sometimes
a
war
is
entered
upon
,
because
the
enemy
is
too
strong
;
and
sometimes
,
because
he
is
too
weak
.
Sometimes
our
neighbours
want
the
things
which
we
have
,
or
have
the
things
which
we
want
,
and
we
both
fight
,
till
they
take
ours
,
or
give
us
theirs
.
It
is
a
very
justifiable
cause
of
a
war
,
to
invade
a
country
after
the
people
have
been
wasted
by
famine
,
destroyed
by
pestilence
,
or
embroiled
by
factions
among
themselves
.
It
is
justifiable
to
enter
into
war
against
our
nearest
ally
,
when
one
of
his
towns
lies
convenient
for
us
,
or
a
territory
of
land
,
that
would
render
our
dominions
round
and
complete
.
If
a
prince
sends
forces
into
a
nation
,
where
the
people
are
poor
and
ignorant
,
he
may
lawfully
put
half
of
them
to
death
,
and
make
slaves
of
the
rest
,
in
order
to
civilize
and
reduce
them
from
their
barbarous
way
of
living
.
It
is
a
very
kingly
,
honourable
,
and
frequent
practice
,
when
one
prince
desires
the
assistance
of
another
,
to
secure
him
against
an
invasion
,
that
the
assistant
,
when
he
has
driven
out
the
invader
,
should
seize
on
the
dominions
himself
,
and
kill
,
imprison
,
or
banish
,
the
prince
he
came
to
relieve
.
Alliance
by
blood
,
or
marriage
,
is
a
frequent
cause
of
war
between
princes
;
and
the
nearer
the
kindred
is
,
the
greater
their
disposition
to
quarrel
;
poor
nations
are
hungry
,
and
rich
nations
are
proud
;
and
pride
and
hunger
will
ever
be
at
variance
.
For
these
reasons
,
the
trade
of
a
soldier
is
held
the
most
honourable
of
all
others
;
because
a
soldier
is
a
Yahoo
hired
to
kill
,
in
cold
blood
,
as
many
of
his
own
species
,
who
have
never
offended
him
,
as
possibly
he
can
.
"
There
is
likewise
a
kind
of
beggarly
princes
in
Europe
,
not
able
to
make
war
by
themselves
,
who
hire
out
their
troops
to
richer
nations
,
for
so
much
a
day
to
each
man
;
of
which
they
keep
three-fourths
to
themselves
,
and
it
is
the
best
part
of
their
maintenance
:
such
are
those
in
many
northern
parts
of
Europe
.
"
"
What
you
have
told
me
,
"
said
my
master
,
"
upon
the
subject
of
war
,
does
indeed
discover
most
admirably
the
effects
of
that
reason
you
pretend
to
:
however
,
it
is
happy
that
the
shame
is
greater
than
the
danger
;
and
that
nature
has
left
you
utterly
incapable
of
doing
much
mischief
.
For
,
your
mouths
lying
flat
with
your
faces
,
you
can
hardly
bite
each
other
to
any
purpose
,
unless
by
consent
.
Then
as
to
the
claws
upon
your
feet
before
and
behind
,
they
are
so
short
and
tender
,
that
one
of
our
Yahoos
would
drive
a
dozen
of
yours
before
him
.
And
therefore
,
in
recounting
the
numbers
of
those
who
have
been
killed
in
battle
,
I
can
not
but
think
you
have
said
the
thing
which
is
not
.
"
I
could
not
forbear
shaking
my
head
,
and
smiling
a
little
at
his
ignorance
.
And
being
no
stranger
to
the
art
of
war
,
I
gave
him
a
description
of
cannons
,
culverins
,
muskets
,
carabines
,
pistols
,
bullets
,
powder
,
swords
,
bayonets
,
battles
,
sieges
,
retreats
,
attacks
,
undermines
,
countermines
,
bombardments
,
sea
fights
,
ships
sunk
with
a
thousand
men
,
twenty
thousand
killed
on
each
side
,
dying
groans
,
limbs
flying
in
the
air
,
smoke
,
noise
,
confusion
,
trampling
to
death
under
horses
'
feet
,
flight
,
pursuit
,
victory
;
fields
strewed
with
carcases
,
left
for
food
to
dogs
and
wolves
and
birds
of
prey
;
plundering
,
stripping
,
ravishing
,
burning
,
and
destroying
.
And
to
set
forth
the
valour
of
my
own
dear
countrymen
,
I
assured
him
,
"
that
I
had
seen
them
blow
up
a
hundred
enemies
at
once
in
a
siege
,
and
as
many
in
a
ship
,
and
beheld
the
dead
bodies
drop
down
in
pieces
from
the
clouds
,
to
the
great
diversion
of
the
spectators
.
"
I
was
going
on
to
more
particulars
,
when
my
master
commanded
me
silence
.
He
said
,
"
whoever
understood
the
nature
of
Yahoos
,
might
easily
believe
it
possible
for
so
vile
an
animal
to
be
capable
of
every
action
I
had
named
,
if
their
strength
and
cunning
equalled
their
malice
.
But
as
my
discourse
had
increased
his
abhorrence
of
the
whole
species
,
so
he
found
it
gave
him
a
disturbance
in
his
mind
to
which
he
was
wholly
a
stranger
before
.
