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- Лев Толстой
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At
first
Levin
had
thought
of
giving
up
the
whole
farming
of
the
land
just
as
it
was
to
the
peasants
,
the
laborers
,
and
the
bailiff
on
new
conditions
of
partnership
;
but
he
was
very
soon
convinced
that
this
was
impossible
,
and
determined
to
divide
it
up
.
The
cattle
-
yard
,
the
garden
,
hay
fields
,
and
arable
land
,
divided
into
several
parts
,
had
to
be
made
into
separate
lots
.
The
simple
-
hearted
cowherd
,
Ivan
,
who
,
Levin
fancied
,
understood
the
matter
better
than
any
of
them
,
collecting
together
a
gang
of
workers
to
help
him
,
principally
of
his
own
family
,
became
a
partner
in
the
cattle
-
yard
.
A
distant
part
of
the
estate
,
a
tract
of
waste
land
that
had
lain
fallow
for
eight
years
,
was
with
the
help
of
the
clever
carpenter
,
Fyodor
Ryezunov
,
taken
by
six
families
of
peasants
on
new
conditions
of
partnership
,
and
the
peasant
Shuraev
took
the
management
of
all
the
vegetable
gardens
on
the
same
terms
.
The
remainder
of
the
land
was
still
worked
on
the
old
system
,
but
these
three
associated
partnerships
were
the
first
step
to
a
new
organization
of
the
whole
,
and
they
completely
took
up
Levin
’
s
time
.
It
is
true
that
in
the
cattle
-
yard
things
went
no
better
than
before
,
and
Ivan
strenuously
opposed
warm
housing
for
the
cows
and
butter
made
of
fresh
cream
,
affirming
that
cows
require
less
food
if
kept
cold
,
and
that
butter
is
more
profitable
made
from
sour
cream
,
and
he
asked
for
wages
just
as
under
the
old
system
,
and
took
not
the
slightest
interest
in
the
fact
that
the
money
he
received
was
not
wages
but
an
advance
out
of
his
future
share
in
the
profits
.
It
is
true
that
Fyodor
Ryezunov
’
s
company
did
not
plough
over
the
ground
twice
before
sowing
,
as
had
been
agreed
,
justifying
themselves
on
the
plea
that
the
time
was
too
short
.
It
is
true
that
the
peasants
of
the
same
company
,
though
they
had
agreed
to
work
the
land
on
new
conditions
,
always
spoke
of
the
land
,
not
as
held
in
partnership
,
but
as
rented
for
half
the
crop
,
and
more
than
once
the
peasants
and
Ryezunov
himself
said
to
Levin
,
“
If
you
would
take
a
rent
for
the
land
,
it
would
save
you
trouble
,
and
we
should
be
more
free
.
”
Moreover
the
same
peasants
kept
putting
off
,
on
various
excuses
,
the
building
of
a
cattleyard
and
barn
on
the
land
as
agreed
upon
,
and
delayed
doing
it
till
the
winter
.
It
is
true
that
Shuraev
would
have
liked
to
let
out
the
kitchen
gardens
he
had
undertaken
in
small
lots
to
the
peasants
.
He
evidently
quite
misunderstood
,
and
apparently
intentionally
misunderstood
,
the
conditions
upon
which
the
land
had
been
given
to
him
.
Often
,
too
,
talking
to
the
peasants
and
explaining
to
them
all
the
advantages
of
the
plan
,
Levin
felt
that
the
peasants
heard
nothing
but
the
sound
of
his
voice
,
and
were
firmly
resolved
,
whatever
he
might
say
,
not
to
let
themselves
be
taken
in
.
He
felt
this
especially
when
he
talked
to
the
cleverest
of
the
peasants
,
Ryezunov
,
and
detected
the
gleam
in
Ryezunov
’
s
eyes
which
showed
so
plainly
both
ironical
amusement
at
Levin
,
and
the
firm
conviction
that
,
if
anyone
were
to
be
taken
in
,
it
would
not
be
he
,
Ryezunov
.
But
in
spite
of
all
this
Levin
thought
the
system
worked
,
and
that
by
keeping
accounts
strictly
and
insisting
on
his
own
way
,
he
would
prove
to
them
in
the
future
the
advantages
of
the
arrangement
,
and
then
the
system
would
go
of
itself
.
These
matters
,
together
with
the
management
of
the
land
still
left
on
his
hands
,
and
the
indoor
work
over
his
book
,
so
engrossed
Levin
the
whole
summer
that
he
scarcely
ever
went
out
shooting
.
At
the
end
of
August
he
heard
that
the
Oblonskys
had
gone
away
to
Moscow
,
from
their
servant
who
brought
back
the
side
-
saddle
.
He
felt
that
in
not
answering
Darya
Alexandrovna
’
s
letter
he
had
by
his
rudeness
,
of
which
he
could
not
think
without
a
flush
of
shame
,
burned
his
ships
,
and
that
he
would
never
go
and
see
them
again
.
He
had
been
just
as
rude
with
the
Sviazhskys
,
leaving
them
without
saying
good
-
bye
.
But
he
would
never
go
to
see
them
again
either
.
He
did
not
care
about
that
now
.
The
business
of
reorganizing
the
farming
of
his
land
absorbed
him
as
completely
as
though
there
would
never
be
anything
else
in
his
life
.
He
read
the
books
lent
him
by
Sviazhsky
,
and
copying
out
what
he
had
not
got
,
he
read
both
the
economic
and
socialistic
books
on
the
subject
,
but
,
as
he
had
anticipated
,
found
nothing
bearing
on
the
scheme
he
had
undertaken
.
In
the
books
on
political
economy
—
in
Mill
,
for
instance
,
whom
he
studied
first
with
great
ardor
,
hoping
every
minute
to
find
an
answer
to
the
questions
that
were
engrossing
him
—
he
found
laws
deduced
from
the
condition
of
land
culture
in
Europe
;
but
he
did
not
see
why
these
laws
,
which
did
not
apply
in
Russia
,
must
be
general
.
He
saw
just
the
same
thing
in
the
socialistic
books
:
either
they
were
the
beautiful
but
impracticable
fantasies
which
had
fascinated
him
when
he
was
a
student
,
or
they
were
attempts
at
improving
,
rectifying
the
economic
position
in
which
Europe
was
placed
,
with
which
the
system
of
land
tenure
in
Russia
had
nothing
in
common
.
Political
economy
told
him
that
the
laws
by
which
the
wealth
of
Europe
had
been
developed
,
and
was
developing
,
were
universal
and
unvarying
.
Socialism
told
him
that
development
along
these
lines
leads
to
ruin
.
And
neither
of
them
gave
an
answer
,
or
even
a
hint
,
in
reply
to
the
question
what
he
,
Levin
,
and
all
the
Russian
peasants
and
landowners
,
were
to
do
with
their
millions
of
hands
and
millions
of
acres
,
to
make
them
as
productive
as
possible
for
the
common
weal
.
Having
once
taken
the
subject
up
,
he
read
conscientiously
everything
bearing
on
it
,
and
intended
in
the
autumn
to
go
abroad
to
study
land
systems
on
the
spot
,
in
order
that
he
might
not
on
this
question
be
confronted
with
what
so
often
met
him
on
various
subjects
Often
,
just
as
he
was
beginning
to
understand
the
idea
in
the
mind
of
anyone
he
was
talking
to
,
and
was
beginning
to
explain
his
own
,
he
would
suddenly
be
told
:
“
But
Kauffmann
,
but
Jones
,
but
Dubois
,
but
Michelli
?
You
haven
’
t
read
them
:
they
’
ve
thrashed
that
question
out
thoroughly
.
”
He
saw
now
distinctly
that
Kauffmann
and
Michelli
had
nothing
to
tell
him
.
He
knew
what
he
wanted
.
He
saw
that
Russia
has
splendid
land
,
splendid
laborers
,
and
that
in
certain
cases
,
as
at
the
peasant
’
s
on
the
way
to
Sviazhsky
’
s
,
the
produce
raised
by
the
laborers
and
the
land
is
great
—
in
the
majority
of
cases
when
capital
is
applied
in
the
European
way
the
produce
is
small
,
and
that
this
simply
arises
from
the
fact
that
the
laborers
want
to
work
and
work
well
only
in
their
own
peculiar
way
,
and
that
this
antagonism
is
not
incidental
but
invariable
,
and
has
its
roots
in
the
national
spirit
.
He
thought
that
the
Russian
people
whose
task
it
was
to
colonize
and
cultivate
vast
tracts
of
unoccupied
land
,
consciously
adhered
,
till
all
their
land
was
occupied
,
to
the
methods
suitable
to
their
purpose
,
and
that
their
methods
were
by
no
means
so
bad
as
was
generally
supposed
.
And
he
wanted
to
prove
this
theoretically
in
his
book
and
practically
on
his
land
.
