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- Джордж Оруэлл
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- Стр. 11/39
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The
pigs
had
set
aside
the
harness
-
room
as
a
headquarters
for
themselves
.
Here
,
in
the
evenings
,
they
studied
blacksmithing
,
carpentering
,
and
other
necessary
arts
from
books
which
they
had
brought
out
of
the
farmhouse
.
Snowball
also
busied
himself
with
organising
the
other
animals
into
what
he
called
Animal
Committees
.
He
was
indefatigable
at
this
.
He
formed
the
Egg
Production
Committee
for
the
hens
,
the
Clean
Tails
League
for
the
cows
,
the
Wild
Comrades
’
Re
-
education
Committee
(
the
object
of
this
was
to
tame
the
rats
and
rabbits
)
,
the
Whiter
Wool
Movement
for
the
sheep
,
and
various
others
,
besides
instituting
classes
in
reading
and
writing
.
On
the
whole
,
these
projects
were
a
failure
.
The
attempt
to
tame
the
wild
creatures
,
for
instance
,
broke
down
almost
immediately
.
They
continued
to
behave
very
much
as
before
,
and
when
treated
with
generosity
,
simply
took
advantage
of
it
.
The
cat
joined
the
Re
-
education
Committee
and
was
very
active
in
it
for
some
days
.
She
was
seen
one
day
sitting
on
a
roof
and
talking
to
some
sparrows
who
were
just
out
of
her
reach
.
She
was
telling
them
that
all
animals
were
now
comrades
and
that
any
sparrow
who
chose
could
come
and
perch
on
her
paw
;
but
the
sparrows
kept
their
distance
.
The
reading
and
writing
classes
,
however
,
were
a
great
success
.
By
the
autumn
almost
every
animal
on
the
farm
was
literate
in
some
degree
.
As
for
the
pigs
,
they
could
already
read
and
write
perfectly
.
The
dogs
learned
to
read
fairly
well
,
but
were
not
interested
in
reading
anything
except
the
Seven
Commandments
.
Muriel
,
the
goat
,
could
read
somewhat
better
than
the
dogs
,
and
sometimes
used
to
read
to
the
others
in
the
evenings
from
scraps
of
newspaper
which
she
found
on
the
rubbish
heap
.
Benjamin
could
read
as
well
as
any
pig
,
but
never
exercised
his
faculty
.
So
far
as
he
knew
,
he
said
,
there
was
nothing
worth
reading
.
Clover
learnt
the
whole
alphabet
,
but
could
not
put
words
together
.
Boxer
could
not
get
beyond
the
letter
D
.
He
would
trace
out
A
,
B
,
C
,
D
,
in
the
dust
with
his
great
hoof
,
and
then
would
stand
staring
at
the
letters
with
his
ears
back
,
sometimes
shaking
his
forelock
,
trying
with
all
his
might
to
remember
what
came
next
and
never
succeeding
.
On
several
occasions
,
indeed
,
he
did
learn
E
,
F
,
G
,
H
,
but
by
the
time
he
knew
them
,
it
was
always
discovered
that
he
had
forgotten
A
,
B
,
C
,
and
D
.
Finally
he
decided
to
be
content
with
the
first
four
letters
,
and
used
to
write
them
out
once
or
twice
every
day
to
refresh
his
memory
.
Mollie
refused
to
learn
any
but
the
six
letters
which
spelt
her
own
name
.
She
would
form
these
very
neatly
out
of
pieces
of
twig
,
and
would
then
decorate
them
with
a
flower
or
two
and
walk
round
them
admiring
them
.
None
of
the
other
animals
on
the
farm
could
get
further
than
the
letter
A
.
It
was
also
found
that
the
stupider
animals
,
such
as
the
sheep
,
hens
,
and
ducks
,
were
unable
to
learn
the
Seven
Commandments
by
heart
.
After
much
thought
Snowball
declared
that
the
Seven
Commandments
could
in
effect
be
reduced
to
a
single
maxim
,
namely
:
"
Four
legs
good
,
two
legs
bad
.
"
This
,
he
said
,
contained
the
essential
principle
of
Animalism
.
Whoever
had
thoroughly
grasped
it
would
be
safe
from
human
influences
.
The
birds
at
first
objected
,
since
it
seemed
to
them
that
they
also
had
two
legs
,
but
Snowball
proved
to
them
that
this
was
not
so
.
"
A
bird
’
s
wing
,
comrades
,
"
he
said
,
"
is
an
organ
of
propulsion
and
not
of
manipulation
.
It
should
therefore
be
regarded
as
a
leg
.
The
distinguishing
mark
of
man
is
the
HAND
,
the
instrument
with
which
he
does
all
his
mischief
.
"
The
birds
did
not
understand
Snowball
’
s
long
words
,
but
they
accepted
his
explanation
,
and
all
the
humbler
animals
set
to
work
to
learn
the
new
maxim
by
heart
.
FOUR
LEGS
GOOD
,
TWO
LEGS
BAD
,
was
inscribed
on
the
end
wall
of
the
barn
,
above
the
Seven
Commandments
and
in
bigger
letters
.
When
they
had
once
got
it
by
heart
,
the
sheep
developed
a
great
liking
for
this
maxim
,
and
often
as
they
lay
in
the
field
they
would
all
start
bleating
"
Four
legs
good
,
two
legs
bad
!
Four
legs
good
,
two
legs
bad
!
"
and
keep
it
up
for
hours
on
end
,
never
growing
tired
of
it
.
Napoleon
took
no
interest
in
Snowball
’
s
committees
.
He
said
that
the
education
of
the
young
was
more
important
than
anything
that
could
be
done
for
those
who
were
already
grown
up
.
It
happened
that
Jessie
and
Bluebell
had
both
whelped
soon
after
the
hay
harvest
,
giving
birth
between
them
to
nine
sturdy
puppies
.
As
soon
as
they
were
weaned
,
Napoleon
took
them
away
from
their
mothers
,
saying
that
he
would
make
himself
responsible
for
their
education
.
He
took
them
up
into
a
loft
which
could
only
be
reached
by
a
ladder
from
the
harness
-
room
,
and
there
kept
them
in
such
seclusion
that
the
rest
of
the
farm
soon
forgot
their
existence
.
The
mystery
of
where
the
milk
went
to
was
soon
cleared
up
.
It
was
mixed
every
day
into
the
pigs
’
mash
.
The
early
apples
were
now
ripening
,
and
the
grass
of
the
orchard
was
littered
with
windfalls
.
The
animals
had
assumed
as
a
matter
of
course
that
these
would
be
shared
out
equally
;
one
day
,
however
,
the
order
went
forth
that
all
the
windfalls
were
to
be
collected
and
brought
to
the
harness
-
room
for
the
use
of
the
pigs
.
At
this
some
of
the
other
animals
murmured
,
but
it
was
no
use
.
All
the
pigs
were
in
full
agreement
on
this
point
,
even
Snowball
and
Napoleon
.
Squealer
was
sent
to
make
the
necessary
explanations
to
the
others
.
"
Comrades
!
"
he
cried
.
"
You
do
not
imagine
,
I
hope
,
that
we
pigs
are
doing
this
in
a
spirit
of
selfishness
and
privilege
?
Many
of
us
actually
dislike
milk
and
apples
.
I
dislike
them
myself
.
Our
sole
object
in
taking
these
things
is
to
preserve
our
health
.
Milk
and
apples
(
this
has
been
proved
by
Science
,
comrades
)
contain
substances
absolutely
necessary
to
the
well
-
being
of
a
pig
.
We
pigs
are
brainworkers
.
The
whole
management
and
organisation
of
this
farm
depend
on
us
.
Day
and
night
we
are
watching
over
your
welfare
.
It
is
for
YOUR
sake
that
we
drink
that
milk
and
eat
those
apples
.
Do
you
know
what
would
happen
if
we
pigs
failed
in
our
duty
?
Jones
would
come
back
!
Yes
,
Jones
would
come
back
!
Surely
,
comrades
,
"
cried
Squealer
almost
pleadingly
,
skipping
from
side
to
side
and
whisking
his
tail
,
"
surely
there
is
no
one
among
you
who
wants
to
see
Jones
come
back
?
"
